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病名用語定義

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• Ablative case is a case that expresses a variety of meanings including instrument, cause, location, source, and time.
• Aerocapture technology uses a planetary atmosphere to alter the velocity of a vehicle.
• Antiprotozoal agents are a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoal infections.
• Autoagglutination is an irregular clumping together of red cells caused by the presence of anti-red cell antibody. It must be distinguished from rouleaux.
• An amino acid is a molecule that has an amino group (-NH2), which contains nitrogen, and a carboxyl group (-CO2), which contains carbon and two oxygen atoms.
• Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition characterized by redness, itching, scaling and inflammation of the skin.
• Coronary angioplasty is performed for reopening or widening of one or more blood vessels in the heart, usually with a special balloon.
• Auditory neuropathy is a hearing disorder in which sound enters the inner ear normally but the transmission of signals from the inner ear to the brain is impaired. It can affect people of all ages, from infancy through adulthood.

  

• Body image can be defined as the picture one has in his mind about the appearance (i.e. size and shape) of his body, and the attitude that he forms toward these characteristics of his body.
• Bromelain is the name of a group of powerful protein-digesting, or proteolytic, enzymes that are found in the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). Discovered in 1957, and widely studied since then, bromelain is particularly useful for reducing muscle and tissue inflammation and as a digestive aid. Supplements are made from enzymes found in the pineapple stem.
• The bursae are fluid-filled sacs that cushion and pad bony prominences, allowing muscles and tendons to move freely over the bone.

  

• The cardiac notch is the lateral deflection of the anterior border of the left lung. It is produced to accommodate the space taken up by the heart.
• A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye.
• cephalization -- Domination of the head in animal life as expressed in the physical structure; localization of important organs or parts in or near the head, in animal development
• chiroscope -- A haploscopic instrument used for coordinating hand and eye as the patient draws while looking through it.
• chylomicron -- A small fat globule composed of protein and lipid (fat). Chylomicrons are found in the blood and lymphatic fluid where they serve to transport fat from its port of entry in the intestine to the liver and to adipose (fat) tissue. After a fatty meal, the blood is so full of chylomicrons that it looks milky.
• clitorectomy -- A surgical procedure in which all or part of the clitoris and sometimes also the labia are removed. Clitorectomy is a form of female circumcision (female genital mutilation). Also called clitoridectomy or clitoral amputation.
• colonoscopy -- A procedure in which a long flexible viewing tube (a colonoscope) is threaded up through the rectum for the purpose of inspecting the entire colon and rectum and, if there is an abnormality, taking a biopsy of it or removing it. The procedure requires a thorough bowel cleansing to assure a clear view of the lining. Called also coloscopy.
• Compartment syndrome involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels within an enclosed space, resulting in impaired blood flow and muscle and nerve damage.
• Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (the myocardium).
• cornea -- The transparent front segment of the eye that covers the iris, pupil and anterior chamber, providing most of the eye's optical power.
• crush injury -- A crush injury occurs when a body part is subjected to a high degree of force or pressure, usually after being squeezed between two heavy or immobile objects.
  Damage related to crush injury includes: laceration (open wound), fracture, bleeding, bruising, compartment syndrome, and others.
• culdocentesis -- The puncture and aspiration (withdrawal) of fluid from the cul-de-sac, the rectouterine pouch (the pouch of Douglas), an extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus.
• Cyanosis -- is a bluish or purplish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes.

  

• dishydrotic eczema -- This describes a vesicular pattern of eczema affecting the skin of the hands - cheiropompholyx - and occasionally, the feet - cheiropodopompholyx. There may be a history of allergic contact dermatitis, especially to nickel. In other cases, no specific allergen can be identified but the problem may be aggravated by sweating. The majority have no history of atopy. The condition may occur secondary to fungal infection.
• Dose-Ranging Study -- A clinical trial in which two or more doses of an agent (such as a drug) are tested against each other to determine which dose works best and is least harmful.
• Dupuytren's contracture is a thickening of deep tissue (fascia) which passes from the palm into the fingers.
• Dyslexia is a common developmental disorder in which people of normal intelligence have difficulty learning to read, spell and master other language skills.

  

• Echography is the use of ultrasonic technique to produce a photograph of the echo generated when sound waves are reflected from tissues of different density.
• Endorphin is a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties.
• Enthesis is the site of attachment of a tendon or ligament to bone.
• enthesitis -- Inflammation of an enthesis, which may occur in a number of musculoskeletal disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and the seronegative spondyloarthropathies.
• enthesopathy -- An abnormality involving an attachment of a tendon or ligament to bone (enthesis).
• epigenetics -- The study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the DNA sequence
• Erythermalgia is a disorder characterised by episodic attacks of reddening of the skin, due to vasodilation of the dermis.
• Erythromelalgia is a rare disorder characterized by burning pain and warmth and redness of the extremities.

  

• fibrovascular bundle -- A unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem
• The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air.

  

• A home equity loan is a type of loan in which the borrower uses the equity in their home as collateral.

  

• immunogen -- Any substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body.
• Integrase is a protein produced by a virus that enables genetic material that is helpful to the virus, proviral DNA, to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell.
• Intractable pain generally refers to a pain state in which the cause cannot be removed or otherwise treated, and no relief or cure has been found after reasonable efforts.

  

• Kikuchi disease is a disorder that typically causes "swollen glands" in the neck together with fever or flu-like symptoms.
• kineplastic amputation -- A method of amputation of an extremity whereby the muscles and tendons are so arranged in the stump that they are able to execute independent movements and to communicate motion to a specially constructed prosthetic apparatus.

  

• leprosy -- A chronic, mildly contagious granulomatous disease of tropical and subtropical regions, caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae, characterized by ulcers of the skin, bone, and viscera and leading to loss of sensation, paralysis, gangrene, and deformation.
• lipoprotein -- A conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
• litholapaxy -- The procedure of crushing of a stone in the bladder and washing out the fragments through a catheter.

  

• Microcode is programming that is ordinarily not program-addressable but, unlike hardwired logic, is capable of being modified. Microcode may sometimes be installed or modified by a device's user by altering programmable read-only memory (PROM) or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM).
• mismatch repair mechanism -- The DNA 'proof-reading' system controlled by certain genes that identifies, excises, and corrects errors in the pairing of the bases during DNA replication.
• Mouse hepatitis virus is a virus of the family Coronaviridae, genus coronavirus. Also known as Murine Hepatitis Virus, it is one of the best characterised coronaviruses and belongs to serogroup II.
• Muscle atrophy refers to the wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from disease or lack of use.

  

• Nuclear ventriculography (MUGA or RNV) is a test that uses radioactive tracers to make heart chambers and blood vessels visible. The procedure is non-invasive. The heart structures are not touched by instruments.

  

• obesity is an excessive accumulation of energy in the form of body fat, which impairs health.
• otic ganglion -- an autonomic ganglion whose postganglionic fibers are distributed to the parotid gland
• overall survival -- The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Also called the survival rate.

  

• The term pathovar is used to refer to a strain or set of strains with the same or similar characteristics, differentiated at infrasubspecific level from other strains of the same species or subspecies on the basis of distinctive pathogenicity to one or more plant hosts. Classification of a taxon as a pathovar does not exclude recognition of differences in biochemical, serological, or other non-pathogenic characters between that and other pathovars of the same species or subspecies, but implies that at infrasubspecific level other differences are considered to have less taxonomic significance in comparison to differences in pathogenicity.
• Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare life-threatening cardiomyopathy of unknown cause that occurs in the peripartum period in previously healthy women.
• portacaval shunt -- shunt that is created surgically between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava so that blood from the abdominal organs can bypass the liver.
• DNA primase catalyses the synthesis of primers involved in DNA replication.
• A probiotic is an organism that contributes to the health and balance of the intestinal tract; also referred to as the "friendly", "beneficial", or "good" bacteria that, when ingested, acts to maintain a healthy intestinal tract and may therefore help fight illness and disease.

  

• radicular cyst -- An odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin that is preceded by a chronic periapical granuloma and stimulation of rests of Malassez present in the periodontal membrane.

  

• semivowel -- A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, as in the English w and y.
• serostatus -- Results of a blood test for specific antibodies.
• sinus tract -- A drainage pathway from a deep focus of acute infection through tissue and/or bone to an opening on the surface.
• A sitz bath is a warm-water bath taken in the sitting position that covers only the hips and buttocks. It may be used for either healing or hygiene purposes. The water may contain medication.
• stent is a metal tube or "scaffold" that was inserted after balloon angioplasty.
• swainsonine -- Fungal alkaloid that inhibits the mannosidase in the Golgi that is involved in processing the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins.
• The systemic veins may be arranged into three groups: (1) The veins of the heart. (2) The veins of the upper extremities, head, neck, and thorax, which end in the superior vena cava. (3) The veins of the lower extremities, abdomen, and pelvis, which end in the inferior vena cava.

  

• tardive dyskenesia is a movement disorder that is almost always caused by medications.
• telecanthus An abnormally increased distance between the medial canthi of the eyelids.
• tryptase is a tetrameric serine protease seen only in mast cells. When there has been extreme mast cell degranulation, as occurs in systemic anaphylaxis, tryptase levels rise within 1 hour and remain elevated for 4-6 hours.
• The vestibulo-ocular reflex, or VOR, is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement.

  

• Wild bee -- Any one of numerous species of undomesticated social bees, especially the domestic bee when it has escaped from domestication and built its nest in a hollow tree or among rocks.

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